1449 James II of Scotland (18 ) marries Mary of Guelders (15) at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh

1608 Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec, the first permanent European base in Canada. Its splendid views and unique character were noted as early as 1842 during a visit by Charles Dickens, who called Quebec the “Gibraltar of North America.”

1775 George Washington officially assumed command of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, several weeks after being appointed to the post

1856 The U.S. House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas to statehood under the antislavery resolution known as the Topeka Constitution, despite the opposition of the Senate and President Franklin Pierce

1863 Battle of Gettysburg, the largest battle ever fought on the American continent, ends in a major victory for the Union during the US Civil War

1922 Intergovernmental Conference on Identity Certificates for Russian Refugees, convened by Fridtjof Nansen (Norwegian) in Geneva, creates the Nansen passports for stateless persons

1928 John Logie Baird demonstrates the first color television transmission in London

1976 An Israeli commando squad, led by Dan Shomron, launched a rescue of hostages held by airplane hijackers in Entebbe, Uganda

1985 The comedy Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly, was released in American theaters; a huge hit, it was followed by several sequels

1988 The USS Vincennes shot down an Iranian airliner over the Strait of Hormuz, killing all 290 people on board; the passenger plane, which was in Iranian airspace, had been incorrectly identified as a fighter jet

1996 UK House of Commons announces that the Stone of Scone, aka the Stone of Destiny, used in the coronation of Scottish and subsequently English and British monarchs, will be returned to Scotland after 700 years in Westminster Abbey

2013 Following massive demonstrations against his rule, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi was removed from office by a military action

More information on these links: https://www.onthisday.com

https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day

On June 3, soon after his celebrated victory over Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Gen. Robert E. Lee leads his troops north in his second invasion of enemy territory. The 75,000-man Army of Northern Virginia is in high spirits. In addition to seeking fresh supplies, the depleted soldiers look forward to availing themselves of food from the bountiful fields in Pennsylvania farm country, sustenance the war-ravaged landscape of Virginia can no longer provide.

Hooker also heads north, but he is reluctant to engage with Lee directly after the Union’s humiliating defeat at Chancellorsville. This evasiveness is of increasing concern to President Abraham Lincoln. Hooker is ultimately relieved of command in late June. His successor, Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, continues to move the 90,000-man Army of the Potomac northward, following orders to keep his army between Lee and Washington, D.C. Meade prepares to defend the routes to the nation’s capital, if necessary, but he also pursues Lee.

On June 15, three corps of Lee’s army cross the Potomac, and by June 28 they reach the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. While Lee loses precious time awaiting intelligence on Union troop positions from his errant cavalry commander, Gen. Jeb Stuart, a spy informs him that Meade is actually very close. Taking advantage of major local roads, which conveniently converge at the county seat, Lee orders his army to Gettysburg.

During the Battle

July 1. Early that morning a Confederate division under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth marches toward Gettysburg to seize supplies. In an unplanned engagement, they confront Union cavalry. Brig. Gen. John Buford slows the Confederate advance until the infantry of the Union I and XI Corps under Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds arrives. Reynolds is killed in action. Soon Confederate reinforcements under generals A.P. Hill and Richard Ewell reach the scene. By late afternoon, the wool-clad troops are battling ferociously in the sweltering heat. Thirty thousand Confederates overwhelm 20,000 Federals, who fall back through Gettysburg and fortify Cemetery Hill south of town.

July 2. On the second day of battle, the Union defends a fishhook-shaped range of hills and ridges south of Gettysburg. The Confederates wrap around the Union position in a longer line. That afternoon Lee launches a heavy assault commanded by Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet on the Union left flank. Fierce fighting rages at Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and Cemetery Ridge as Longstreet’s men close in on the Union position. Using their shorter interior lines, Union II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock and others move reinforcements quickly to blunt Confederate advances. On the Federal right, Confederate demonstrations escalate into full-scale assaults on East Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill. Although the Confederates gain ground on both ends of their line, the Union defenders hold strong positions as darkness falls.

July 3. Believing his enemy to be weakened, Lee seeks to capitalize on the previous day’s gains with renewed attacks on the Union line. Heavy fighting resumes on Culp's Hill as Union troops attempt to recapture ground lost the previous day. Cavalry battles flare to the east and south, but the main event is a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates commanded by Longstreet against the center of the Union position on Cemetery Ridge. Though undermanned, the Virginia infantry division of Brig. Gen. George E. Pickett constitutes about half of the attacking force. During Pickett’s Charge, as it is famously known, only one Confederate brigade temporarily reaches the top of the ridge—afterwards referred to as the High Watermark of the Confederacy. This daring strategy ultimately proves a disastrous sacrifice for the Confederates, with casualties approaching 60 percent. Repulsed by close-range Union rifle and artillery fire, the Confederates retreat. When ordered to reform his men after the attack by Lee, Pickett purportedly replied "I have no division". Lee withdraws his army from Gettysburg late on the rainy afternoon of July 4 and trudges back to Virginia with severely reduced ranks of wasted and battle-scarred men.

As many as 51,000 soldiers from both armies are killed, wounded, captured or missing in the three-day battle. The carnage is overwhelming, but the Union victory buoys Lincoln’s hopes of ending the war. With Lee running South, Lincoln expects that Meade will intercept the Confederate troops and force their surrender. Meade has no such plan. Even as Lee’s escape is hampered by flooding on the Potomac, Meade does not pursue them. When Lincoln learns of this missed opportunity on July 12, he laments, “We had only to stretch forth our hands & they were ours.” Months later, in November 1863, a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield becomes a final resting place for the Union dead. President Lincoln uses the dedication ceremony at the Gettysburg's Soldiers’ National Cemetery to honor the fallen and reassert the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address:

The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

Questions to Consider

1. What role did enslaved workers play in the Battle of Gettysburg?

Between 6,000 and 10,000 enslaved people supported Lee’s army as cooks, hospital attendants, blacksmiths, and personal servants to officers. Lee surely knew that some would desert him up north in Gettysburg. In January of that year, Lincoln had signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave enslaved people in the Confederate states their freedom. Despite this, many slaves remained loyal to their masters on the battlefield at Gettysburg, and later accompanied them home or carried the effects of those who had died back to their families in the South. Others took advantage of the Union victory to break their bonds and join the opposition. Some black camp workers were taken prisoner along with the Confederate soldiers at Gettysburg and, once released, many stayed in the North.

2. How did the Battle of Gettysburg and its aftermath affect residents of the Pennsylvania town?

As Confederates advanced on Gettysburg there was terror among the approximately 2,400 residents there as well as in the neighboring towns. White residents feared for their lives and property; African Americans feared enslavement. Many white civilians huddled in basements, but for people of color the stakes were greater, and they fled. In Gettysburg, Abraham Brian, a free black man who owned a small farm near Cemetery Ridge, left with his family, as did Basil Biggs, a veterinarian, and Owen Robinson, an oyster seller. Nearby in Chambersburg, some contrabands—former slaves who sought refuge with the Union Forces—were kidnapped by Confederate cavalry units. The Emancipation Proclamation stated that those seeking freedom from states of rebellion could not be re-enslaved. Accordingly, the Union refused to hand over contrabands to the Confederates, and this, too, prompted retaliation. Confederate soldiers threatened to burn the homes of white residents who were sheltering contrabands. Often, Confederate troops assumed that free blacks were contrabands solely because of their skin color.

After the battle, residents of what had only days before been a peaceful agricultural and college town were in despair. There was literally blood running through the streets, as the dead were piled up in horrific numbers. Slain animals were left to rot. The fields were scorched and barren. Farmers had to rely on the army or government to supply food. Wounded soldiers languished, waiting for medical attention. Camp Letterman, an army field hospital, was established east of Gettysburg and triaged patients until they could be transported to permanent facilities in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Nurses for the United States Sanitary Commission, a Union relief organization staffed largely by women, provided essential care and comfort.

Residents of Gettysburg managed to bury the dead in a temporary cemetery. However, prominent members of the community lobbied for a permanent burial ground on the battlefield that would honor the defenders of the Union. The Soldiers’ National Cemetery was dedicated in November 1863 but was not completed until long after. The last of Gettysburg’s wounded shipped out in January 1864, along with the medical personnel. The field tents and temporary shelters came down. The battlefield remains a testament and memorial to the events of July 1–3, 1863.

More information on this link: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/gettysburg

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Daily War Report - Jul 3, 2026 - Part 2

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By Peter St Onge | Jul 3, 2026

Trump v. Slaughter (2026)

On June 29, 2026, the United States Supreme Court issued a landmark 6–3 decision in Trump v. Slaughter, holding that the President possesses the constitutional authority to remove members of the Federal Trade Commission without being constrained by statutory "for cause" removal protections. In doing so, the Court substantially overturned the longstanding precedent established by Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935), which had limited presidential removal power over certain independent executive officials for nearly a century.

The decision significantly strengthens presidential control over the executive branch by reaffirming that officers who exercise executive power remain ultimately accountable to the President, who is himself accountable to the American people through elections. The ruling marks one of the most consequential separation-of-powers decisions in decades and is expected to reshape the constitutional relationship between the presidency and independent federal agencies for years to come.

The Supreme Court just gutted one of the load bearing walls of the deep state, voting 6 to 3 to let Trump fire thousands of independent bureaucrats who effectively run the country with minimal oversight from the people voters actually elect to run the country.

Could we see the day when voters actually get to decide what happens to them.

Last week the Supreme Court decided the long-anticipated Trump v Slaughter case, which revisits a 90 year precedent called Humphrey’s Executor that insulated independent agencies from dismissal by the president.

This matters because independent agencies control some of the most important policy levers in the federal government, including the FTC that was at issue in Slaughter, which can block corporate mergers.

The SEC, CFTC, and FDIC, which control financial markets and banking insurance. The FCC who controls free speech. FEC for elections. NLRB forunions. FERC for energy markets. EEOC for affirmative action. And USITC that controls much of trade policy.

That’s a substantial part of the federal government, all outside the control of the President. Meaning outside the control of voters, whose only influence is the president and Congress they elect. But with the Filibuster paralyzing Congress that boils down to only the President.

Slaughter put the ball back in voters hands.

The Progressive Deep State

So the background is socialist Progressives waged a century long jihad to take the government away from voters and turn it into a self-licking ice-cream cone that serves the Progressive revolution.

The landmark moment was the 1883 Pendleton Act that established an independent bureaucracy insulated from political -- hence voter -- control. The excuse was to fight corruption -- which of course is as strong as ever. And the result was voters became spectators while federal workers became an occupying army.

The Deep State was born.

And that Deep State consolidated into so-called independent boards starting with the Interstae Commerce Commission in 1887 that unconstitutionally regulated business, then took off in FDR’s socialist New Deal, with dozens of agencies created to rule the country without voters.

By 1946 this occupying army won the right to effectively write law in the Administraive Procedure Act, then wrangled itself near-immunity from being fired in the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act.

Bringing us to today, where almost 90% of laws are written by bureaucrats, not by elected policians. And, until last week, there’s nothing you can do about it.

Giving Power Back to Voters

Slaughter now joins a parade of recent decisions turning the tide, including Seila, Collins, and Loper Bright that give Presidents more control over bureaucrats while giving Congress a bigger role in actually writing the laws that, according to the Constitution, they alone are supposed to write.

But there’s miles to go: On the very same day the Court stayed Trump’s firing of Fed member Lisa Cook -- allegedly on a technicality but possibly revealing a reluctance to let elected presidents control the unconstitutional Federal Reserve that all but controls the economy.

Meanwhile, while Loper and now Slaugter dramaically reshuffle the cards, federal rulemaking, court deference, and federal worker protections remain stubborn and will need multiple decisions to root out.

What’s Next

In the near term Trump can purge independent agencies so they stop sabotaging his agenda, while agencies like FTC and SEC are likely to pull back on major regulatory pushes to keep their heads down.

But zooming out we could see major reductions in the regulatory tax on the economy that studies imply could double or quadruple wages -- Starbucks and dog-walkers would be making six figures.

And assuming the firing of Fed member Lisa Cook firing is refiled with the technicalities fixed, we could even see a Federal Reserve that actually answers to the people it’s abused for 113 years and counting.