A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES - PART 9
VICE-ADMIRALTY COURTS
In English Law, Courts established in the Kings/Queen's possessions beyond the seas had jurisdiction over maritime causes, including those relating to booty or prize.
The United States of America is lawfully the possession of the English Crown per original commercial joint venture agreement between the colonies and the Crown, and the social compact under the Constitution, which brought all the states (only) back under British ownership and rule. The people, however, had sovereign standing in law, independent to any connection to the States or the Crown under the Constitution. This fact necessitated that the people be brought back, one at a time, under British Rule. The commercial process was the method of choice in order to accomplish this task. First, via the 14th Amendment and secondly, by and through the registration of our birth registries and property, and thirdly, via the voter registration process whereby those who registered to vote gave general power of attorney without restriction, reservation or limitation to act in their stead once in office, and without any recourse. All such courts in America are Vice-admiralty courts in the Crown's private commerce. Read the definition of "Courts of Exchequer" (for the Treasury of the Vatican) as defined in the 3rd, 4th, or 5th Editions of Black's Law Dictionary. Pay close attention to the term "fiction."
"In English law. A very ancient court of record, set up by William the Conqueror as a part of the aula Regis, and afterwards one of the four superior courts at Westminster. It was, however, inferior in rank to both the king's bench and the common pleas. It was presided over by a chief baron and four puisne barons. It was originally the king's treasury, and was charged with keeping the king's accounts and collecting the royal revenues. But pleas between subject and subject were anciently heard there, until this was forbidden by the Articula super Chartas, (1290,) after which its jurisdiction as a court only extended to revenue cases arising out of the non-payment or withholding of debts to the crown. But the privilege of suing and being sued in this court was extended to the king's accountants, and later, by the use of a convenient fiction to the effect that the plaintiff was the king's debtor or accountant, the court was thrown open to all suitors in personal actions. The exchequer had formerly both an equity side and a common law side..."
THE "NEW DEAL" UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY
The Looting of a Nation-America's New Deal
The document on the facing page is a reconstruction of House Joint Resolution 192. It was obtained through the Congressional Research Service by the local congressional representative. The Congressional Research Service is a service of the Congressional Law Library and is closed to public access.
Many who read H.J.R. 192 (on page 160) fail to comprehend its extraordinary significance, so a bit of introduction is in order. Its six paragraphs have done more to change the legal and financial landscape of America than perhaps any six paragraphs written prior to, or since, June 5th 1933. It represents no less than the wholesale confiscation of the wealth of the people-the biggest theft in history (see Executive Order June 5, 1933). All property and labor into perpetuity was pledged to the International Banking Cartel. Note that the word manipulators are in top form here-the word "bankruptcy" is never mentioned. The Military Congress spent all of 38 minutes 'debating' this bill. Evidently it would have been far more painful for those who are called Americans to accept the second offer that was being extended by the bankers.
Considering the ease of obtaining incontrovertible evidence about the bankruptcy, it is shocking to learn that the majority of Americans are completely unaware that the bankruptcy ever occurred, how they were drawn into it, or how it has become embedded in their lives. Mention this to your friends and they will probably look at you with surprise. Then, when you drop the real bomb on them, they'll think you took a plunge off the deep end:
"Federal Reserve Notes, mere promises to pay, are equivalent in value to Monopoly® money," and you don't have actual title to your homes or vehicles either, you only get to use them if you pay your use fees in the form of license, registration, and property tax."
So complete in the comfort of their illusions are those who call themselves Americans that they give new meaning to the phrase, "There 's a sucker born every second." If you create a system which is fraud from end to end, and is both self-reinforcing and transparent, people won't even realize it exists, or the reasons for its existence, or what they do to perpetuate its existence. This may be because of fear of what is not understood. The only thing one has to fear is fear itself. This fear arises when the very foundation of each and every action perpetrated is founded upon illusionary trickery that, when exposed, creates the need for even more deceit and fraud to maintain a semblance of order. This phenomenon is known as psychological dissonance getting closer to the truth would require the rejection of almost everything that one has been taught to believe is "real." Once you realize that the spectacles being played out daily in their courts, financial markets, institutions of higher learning, entertainment, and the world of politics are little more than clever charades for perpetuating false perceptions, the reason for the peoples collective "State-Of-Confusion" comes more sharply into view.
Here is short list of popular beliefs that became fairytales after the Bankruptcy:
• All people in so-called America are citizens of the United States
• Legal persons are flesh and blood men and woman
• We can pay our debts in full
• Taxes are compulsory
• Our elected officials are there to serve us
• We are a nation based on Law
• The President of the United States is the most powerful office in America
• The Internal Revenue Service is a creature of the federal government
• The Federal Reserve is a creature of the Federal Government
• Abuses of power are held in check by three independent branches of government
• An attorney's first allegiance is to the client
• An attorney needs a license to practice law
• The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was about freeing the slaves
• America is a Constitutional Republic
• Statutory Laws, police, judges, and the courts have jurisdiction over you
• All Judges and police are required to take oaths of office, swearing to uphold the Constitution of the United States.
• Congress alone has been delegated the power to coin money and set its value
All of these myths will be addressed in different parts of this book. Let's now examine the events that led up to the emergency of 1933.
In 1929, the Military Social Construct known as the United States entered the Great Depression. At that time, most of the Major Economic and Military Powers in the world were also in a depression. You may recall that those who call themselves Americans were permitted to own gold and that their currency was backed by gold and silver. People could deposit their gold in Federal Reserve banks. Then the bank would give them a note that they could use to withdraw their gold. Due to the panic in the economic markets after the crash of 1929, people were trying to withdraw the funds from the banks in the currency form of silver and gold.
The so-called President, Mr. Herbert Hoover asked the Federal Reserve Board of New York for a recommendation on how to deal with the situation. One might wonder why their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, would ask the Federal Reserve Board for advice. But, a review of the "Federal Reserve" article will show that the Federal Reserve System was in control of the Military Social Construct known as the United States as its Fiscal Agent over the Monetary Policies of the United States then. We are still under the same power. The Federal Reserve Board adopted a resolution to respond to their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover's, request.
"Whereas, in the opinion of the Board of Directors of the Federal Bank of New York, the continued and increasing withdrawal of currency and gold from the banks of the country has now created a national emergency..." [Herbert Hoover private papers of March 3, 1933]
The Federal Reserve board is stating that the run on banks is causing a "national emergency." Since their currency was backed by gold, why would it cause a national emergency for people to hold the gold rather than the banks? To find the answer, let' s see what their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, had to say.
"...that those speculator and insiders were right was plain enough later on. This first contract of the 'moneychangers ' with the New Deal netted those who removed their money from the country a profit of up to 60 percent when the dollar was debased. " [Hoover Policy Paper, written by the Secretary of Interior and Secretary of Agriculture]
Their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, is saying that those with inside knowledge had already removed the money (gold) from the country before the people started demanding their money from the banks. Since the banks didn't have the gold the people were demanding, the banks needed protection. So, the Federal Reserve Board went on to propose their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, issue an Executive Order based upon the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 as follows:
"Whereas, it is provided in Section 5(b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended, that 'the President may investigate, regulate, or prohibit, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe by means of licensure or otherwise, any transaction in foreign exchange and the export, hoarding, melting, or ear markings of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency, * "'. [Herbert Hoover private papers of March 3, 1933, emphasis added]
Their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, declined to issue the order, but then Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated as their President, on March 4, 1933. In his inauguration speech, he requested that Congress grant him emergency powers equal to those he might have in times of war to allow him to deal with the crisis. On March 5, 1933, he issued Proclamation 2038 requesting a Special Session of Congress beginning on March 9, 1933, to deal with the banking emergency. Then, on March 16, 1933, the illegitimate President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, issued Proclamation 2039 to indicate to the Congress what kind of emergency powers he was asking for. This proclamation had exactly the same wording as that proposed by the Federal Reserve Board. But the Proclamation had no authority until Congress met to give him the required authority.
One might well ask how the Federal Reserve Board could have such influence over their acting President. Some researchers speculate that the depression was engineered by the Federal Reserve System and the International Bankers that it represents [see "Secrets of the Federal Reserve" for information about the link between the Federal Reserve System and International Bankers].
TEXT VERSION of Secrets of the Federal Reserve: Click Here To Read
AUDIO VERSION of Secrets of the Federal Reserve: Click Here To Listen
The bankers motive was to further consolidate their power. They already controlled the monetary policy of the UNITED STATES. It is also speculation that the military social construct known as the U.S. government was told that it had no choice in cooperating with the Federal Reserve Board, (international bankers) or the depression would remain indefinitely. Under such political blackmail, their President, Congress, and Courts were willing to acquiesce to the demands of the (Money Kings) bankers. Bear these speculations in mind as you read who, quickly, gave the Federal Reserve System what it wanted. These speculations will be an area for further research.
The very first Act passed by Congress when they met in Special Session has the following preamble.
"Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representative of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the Congress hereby declares that a serious emergency exists and that it is imperatively necessary to speedily put into effect remedies of uniform national application. " [bold emphasis added]
On the first day of their special session, Congress approved Proclamation 2039. On the same day, their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, re-issued it as Proclamation 2040.
"Whereas, under the Act of March 9, 1933, all Proclamations heretofore or hereafter issued by the President pursuant to the authority enforced by section 5(b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended, are approved and confirmed;" [President Roosevelt's Proclamation 2040].
On that same day, Congress passed the following statute:
"During time of war or during any other period of national emergency declared by the President, the President may, through any agency that he may designate, or otherwise investigate, regulate, or prohibit under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe by means of licensure or otherwise, any transaction in foreign exchange, transactions of credit between or payments by banking institutions as defined by the President and export, hoarding, melting, or ear markings of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency, by any person within the United States or anyplace subject to the jurisdiction thereoJ. " [Title 1, Sec. 2, 48 Statute 1, March 9, 1933, emphasis added]
This is exactly the same language that was found in the 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act. The exclusion of transactions within the UNITED STATES had been removed from the Statute.
This statute can now be found in the United States Code at 12 USC § 95b. This is the current version of the statute. Notice that the wording is almost identical to that found in the 1933 statute (shown in above paragraph).
"Sec. 95b. - Ratification of acts of President and Secretary of the Treasury under section 95a. The actions, regulations, rules, licenses, orders and proclamations heretofore or hereafter taken, promulgated, made, or issued by the President of the United States or the Secretary of the Treasury since March 4, 1933, pursuant to the authority conferred by section 95a of this title, are approved and confirmed. " [12 USC § 95b]
This version says that the authority is granted in 12 USC § 95a. But if you look in the notes to that statute you will see that the original source authority is located in "Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 106, Sec. 5(b), 40 Stat. 415" and later in "Mar. 9, 1933, ch. 1, title I, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. I." So, the alleged President still has the authority as it was originally granted in 1917 and later modified in 1933.
The effect of this emergency power is that all who call themselves Americans are now part of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended in 1933. The significance of this change will soon become apparent.
Since the bankers didn't have gold to pay out, the alleged President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt used Proclamation 2039 and 2040 along with the provisions of 12 USC § 95b to create a banking holiday. This can be verified if we read the definition for "Banking Holiday of 1933."
"Bank holiday of 1933. Presidential Proclamations No. 2039, issued March 6, 1939, and No. 2040, issued March 9, 1933, temporarily suspended banking transactions by member banks of the Federal Reserve System. Normal banking functions were resumed on March 13, subject to certain restrictions. The first proclamation, it was held, had no authority in law until the passage on March 9, 1933, of a ratified act (12 V.S. C.A. § 95b). The present law forbids member banks of the Federal Reserve System to transact banking business, except under regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury, during an emergency proclaimed by the President. 12 V.S. C.A. § 95. " [Black 's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, emphasis added]
The restrictions mentioned in the above definitions are that the bankers had to be licensees
before they could be reopened. A license is something that grants authority to do something
that would otherwise be illegal. Trading (or conducting business) with the enemy (so-called
Americans on assumed American soil) was made an illegal activity unless licensed. Their
President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's, papers revealed that the government will grant the
license.
"The Secretary of the Treasury will issue licenses to banks which are members of the
Federal Reserve System whether national bank or state, located in each of the 12
Federal Reserve Bank cities, to open Monday morning. " [President Roosevelt's papers]
Another provision passed on March 9, 1933 giving Federal Reserve Agents the authority to
act as Agents of the U.S. Department of Treasury. This seems strange since the Federal
Reserve System is a private business.
"When required to do so by the Secretary of the Treasury, each Federal Reserve agent
shall act as agent of the Treasurer of the United States or of the Comptroller of the
currency, or both, for the performances of any functions which the Treasurer or the
Comptroller may be called upon to perform in carrying out the provisions of this
paragraph. [48 Stat. 1, emphasis added]
We've already seen that insiders had removed most of the gold from the banks (warehouses) before the people started demanding their money from the bankers. The bankers didn't have the money the people were demanding, so the bankers sought protection. In order to do this, the people had to be declared the enemy. The Trading with the Enemy Act, as revised in 1933, accomplished this. Then Congress passed a statute that authorized stiff fines and/or prison sentences if people didn't turn in their gold. This would be considered High Treason, if it wasn't a hoot, that such power used was founded solely upon the Law of Necessity and not a true representation of such authority by a fully aware and informed people.
"Whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury, such action is necessary to protect the currency system of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, may regulate any or all individuals, partnerships, associations and corporations to pay and deliver to the Treasurer of the United States any or all gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates owned by such individuals, partnerships, associations, and corporations.... Whoever shall not comply with the provisions of this act shall be fined not more than $10,000 or if a natural person, in addition to such fine may be imprisoned for a year, not exceeding ten years." [Stat 48, Section 1, Title 1, Subsection N, March 9, 1933, emphasis added]
So, not only were people not able to get their gold, but their gold was confiscated by the military social construct of government. Since all money was gold and silver certificates and all of this money had to be turned in, the people were left without any money of exchange in Law.
"During this banking holiday it was at first believed that some form of script or emergency currency would be necessary for the conduct of ordinary business. We knew that it would be essential when the banks reopened to have an adequate supply of currency to meet all possible demands of depositors. Consideration was given by government officials and various local agencies to the advisability of issuing clearing house certificates or some similar form of local emergency currencies. On March 7, 1933, the Secretary of the Treasury issued a regulation authorizing clearing houses to issue demand certificates against sound assets of the banking institutions. But this authority was not to become effective until March 10th. In many cities, the printing of these certificates was actually begun. But after the passage of the Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, (48 Stat. 1) it became evident that they would not be needed because the act made possible the issue of the necessary amount of emergency currency in the form of Federal Reserve Bank Notes which could be based on any sound assets owned by the banks. " [Roosevelt's papers, bold emphasis added]
So we see that their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's papers admit that the Emergency Banking Act made it possible to issue emergency currency that was based upon the Assets of the banks rather than upon gold or silver (remove the U.S. from the gold standard). The "emergency currency" was "Federal Reserve Bank Notes." Federal Reserve Notes are still used today.
Next we will see what was to be used to back up the "Federal Reserve Bank Notes."
"Upon the deposit with the Treasurer of the United States, (a) of any direct obligations of the United States, or (b) of any notes, drafts, bills of exchange or bankers acceptances acquired under the provisions of this Act, any Federal Reserve bank making such deposit in the manner prescribe by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be entitled to receive from the Comptroller of the currency circulating notes in blank, duly registered and countersigned." [Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, section 4, Public Law 89- 719]
Later in 1933, the House of Representatives passed a joint resolution to "Suspend The Gold Standard and Abrogate The Gold Clause" which says in part:
"That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect to any obligation which purports to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or particular kind of coin or currency, or in as amount of money of the United States measured thereby is declared to be against public policy; and no such provision shall be contained in or made with respect to any obligation hereafter incurred. " [House Joint Resolution 192, June 5, 1933, emphasis added]
Since this measure was passed as a joint resolution, it does not have the force of law. You will notice that the resolution uses the term "public policy." We frequently hear the term "public policy" used. But what does it mean?
"policy. The general principles by which a government is guided in its management of public affairs. " [Black 's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition]
"public policy. Broadly, principles and standards regarded by the legislature or by the courts as being of fundamental concern to the state and the whole of society. " [Black 's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition]
Public policy is not the same thing as public law!
"public law. The body of law dealing with the relations between private individuals and the government, and with the structure and operation of the government itself;... A statute affecting the general public . . . " [Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition]
This is a rather startling admission on the part of Congress. They are saying that what they are doing by refusing to pay the federal debt in gold is not according to the law but rather a public policy.
So, we see that the currency was no longer backed by gold (even if it is only a public policy). The new currency was Federal Reserve Bank Notes. These notes were, and still are, backed by "direct obligations of the United States" which are Treasury notes. They are also backed by bank "notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and bank acceptances." This last group is notes (loans) that Federal Reserve member banks were holding on loans they had made to people and institutions. So the public or private debt instruments of the banks were considered Assets to be deposited in the Treasury in exchange for "circulating notes." Excerpts can further prove this from the Congressional Record during the debate over the Emergency Banking Act of 1933.
[Mr. McPhadin] "... The first section of the bill, as I grasped it, is practically the war powers that were given back in 1917. 1 would like to ask the chairman of the committee if this is a plan to change the holding of the security back of the Federal Reserve notes to the Treasury of the United States rather than the Federal Reserve agent."
[Mr. Stiggle] "This provision is for the issuance of Federal Reserve bank notes; and not for Federal Reserve notes; and the security back of it is the obligations, notes, drafts, bills of exchange, bank acceptances, outlined in the section to which the gentleman has referred."
[McPhadin] "Then the new circulation is to be Federal Reserve bank notes and not Federal Reserve notes. Is that true?"
[Mr. Stiggle] "Insofar as the provisions of this section are concerned, yes."
"[Mr. Britain] "From my observations of the bill as it was read to the House, it would appear that the amount of bank notes that might be issued by the Federal Reserve System is not limited. That will depend entirely upon the amount of collateral that is presented from time to time from exchange for bank notes. Is that not correct?"
[McPhadin] "Yes, I think that is correct."
It should be clear that the currency was no longer backed by gold but by a promise to pay on various debt instruments (loans to private individuals or businesses and the government). So, there were no Hard Assets backing up the currency, only promises. In the case of government loans, the collateral would be the ''full faith and credit of the United States." This is very strong evidence that the federal government was bankrupt at that time. If it weren't, the federal government would still be willing to pay its obligations in gold and the currency would still be backed by gold.
Who did the federal government owe money too? The obvious answer is the Federal Reserve Bankers, who were holding the "direct obligations of the United States." The Federal Reserve is a private bank. It is not part of the government. The logical conclusion is that the government is bankrupt and the Federal Reserve is the Creditor.
The transition from a gold backed currency to one that was not backed by any hard asset was very swift. The Federal Reserve Board proposed it to their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, but it took until a more acceptable agent resided within their presidency of the military social construct on March 3, 1933 before it was implemented into law on March 9, 1933. This is very swift action indeed. How can we account for such a rapid change in circumstances? We have not uncovered (at least thus far) direct evidence of undue influence by the Federal Reserve (international bankers). However, their position as Creditor to the UNITED STATES does provide a plausible explanation as to why things changed so rapidly.
The final topic to explore... the impact of this on so-called American citizens.
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