1307 King Edward I of England died on his way to subdue the new Scottish king, Robert the Bruce
1438 King Charles VII of France issued the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, restricting the rights of the pope and in many cases making the pope’s jurisdiction subject to the will of the king
1520 Hernán Cortés and the Tlaxcalans defeat a numerically superior Aztec force in the Battle of Otumba in Mexico
1807 French Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte and Russian Tsar Alexander I meet on a raft in the middle of the Neman River and sign the first Treaty of Tilsit
1937 Chinese and Japanese troops clashed near the Marco Polo Bridge outside Beijing, launching the Second Sino-Japanese War
1947 Alleged and disputed Roswell, New Mexico UFO incident
1978 The Solomon Islands became an independent nation
2005 Coordinated terrorist bomb blasts strike London's public transport system during the morning rush hour, killing 52 and injuring 700
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